第一章 新闻传播结构
一、 新闻传播的层次
society-wide
(e.g. mass communication)
institutional/organizational
(e.g.political system or business firm)
intergroup or association
(e.g local community)
intragroup
(e.g. family)
interpersonal
(e.g dyad ,couple)
intrapersonal
(e.g. processing information)
二、 新闻传播的结构：拉斯韦尔模式
WHO SAY WHAT THROUGH WHICH CHANNEL TO WHOM WITH WHAT EFFECT
三、 新闻传播要素：传播者、传播内容、传播媒介、接收者
1、 传播者的演进
2、 传播内容的变化 传播形态的变化
3、 传播媒介的演进
4、 接收者的变化
四、 大众新闻传播关系的构成
新闻传播者 新闻接收者
欲被人知者 欲知者
A B
已知者 未知者
事件
Mass communication differ from other communications in several respects:
1. They have a general carrier function for knowledge of all kinds—thus on behalf of other institutions as well;
2. They operate in the public sphere, accessible to all members of a society on an open, voluntary, unspecific and low-cost basis;
3. In principle, the relationship between sender and receiver is balanced and equal;
4. The media reach more people than other institutions and for longer,‘taking over’from early influences of school, parents, religion and so on.
Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication
1.Interpersonal communication is inescapable
We can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and through gesture, posture, facial expression, etc., we constantly communicate to those around us. Through these channels, we constantly receive communication from others. Even when you sleep, you communicate. Remember a basic principle of communication in general: people are not mind readers. Another way to put this is: people judge you by your behavior, not your intent.
2.Interpersonal communication is irreversible
You can't really take back something once it has been said. The effect must inevitably remain. Despite the instructions from a judge to a jury to "disregard that last statement the witness made," the lawyer knows that it can't help but make an impression on the jury. A Russian proverb says, "Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again."
3.Interpersonal communication is complicated
No form of communication is simple. Because of the number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. Theorists note that whenever we communicate there are really at least six "people" involved: 1) who you think you are; 2) who you think the other person is; 3) who you think the other person thinks you are; 4) who the other person thinks /she is; 5) who the other person thinks you are; and 6) who the other person thinks you think s/he is.
We don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain ways, and no two people use the same word exactly alike.
4.Interpersonal communication is contextual
In other words, communication does not happen in isolation. There is:
• Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc., all form the psychological context. ("You" here refers to both participants in the interaction.)
• Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person--the "mix."
• Situational context deals with the psycho-social "where" you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar.
• Environmental context deals with the physical "where" you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of factors in the environmental context.
• Cultural context includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture (foreign or within your own country) where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a basis for misunderstanding
